The Theory of Behaviorism - 900 Words

A significant piece of several psychological theories in the late nineteenth century was introspection, which is â€Å"the examination or observation of ones own mental and emotional processes† (Press, 2013). In retort to this theory behaviorism came about. Behaviorism is predominantly concerned with observable and measurable aspects of human behavior. In other words behaviorism does not look at the biological aspects but it suggests that all behaviors are learned habits and changes in response to the environment. It endeavors to explain how these particular habits are formed. Behaviorism claimed that the causes of behavior was not necessarily found in the complexities of the mind but could be observed in one’s immediate environment, from stimuli that produced, reinforced, and punished certain responses also known later on as conditioning. It wasn’t until the twentieth century that the scientist began to discover the actual systems to learning, thereby laying a f oundation for behaviorism. A theorist by the name of Ivan Pavlov was a major contribution to the discovering of significant behavioral theories. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born on September 14, 1849 in the small village of Ryazan, Russia. He was the son of Peter Dmitrievich Pavlov, who was the village’s own priest. As the son of a priest, Ivan went to church school and attended the theological seminary. The family hoped that Ivan would follow in his father’s footsteps and become a priest as well, but Ivan had other plans.Show MoreRelatedBehaviorism Theory On The Theory Of Behaviorism Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the theories we have studied this semester in Knowing and Learning in Mathematics and Science is the Behaviorism theory. The behaviorism theory states that behaviorism is a theory on learning that only concentrates on noticeably observable behaviors and disregards any independent activities of the mind. The Behaviorism theory was brought up by Burrhus Frederic Skinner. He based this theory on operant conditioning. This theory has a reinforcing stimulus which can be modified into continuousRead M oreBehaviorism And The Theory Of Behaviorism1816 Words   |  8 Pageslearning theories, developments and techniques have been created, adjusted and disseminated throughout the years. Throughout history, psychologists, scientists, and other professionals have attempted to understand and explain the unexplainable. Others have tried to reason their own personal beliefs into existence as the status quo. However, to fully understand the complexity of evolution, one must begin at the beginning of an era. In this paper, the starting point resides with behaviorism. NugentRead MoreBehaviorism Vs. 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Like behaviorism and James’s view, Gestalt psychology did not agree with Ebbinghaus’s introspection. Unlike behaviorism Gestalt psychology didRead MoreThe Theories Of The Theory Of Behaviorism854 Words   |  4 Pagesperson and the situation and environment to coexist, we must look at the idea of introspection and the theory of behaviorism. Behavioral methods are not only useful to observe development and how it happens, but also to understand how and why behavioral abnormalities such as phobias happen. I will flesh out behaviorism and share some personal experiences. Early developments in the behavioral theory are primarily focused on conditioning. Ivan Pavlov was the first major behaviorist and discovered classicalRead MoreTheories Of Behaviorism And Cognitivism Essay2002 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction As two classic theories of learning and teaching, behaviorism and cognitivism have inspired a lot of great thinkers to make contributions to education. 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Mary Shelley and James Whale illustrate the advantages of communication in Frankenstein using opposite approaches. The characterization of the creature in Shelley and Whale’s texts demonstrate the underlying effect of incompetent verbal expression through his inability to form relationships. In Whale’s film, removing the humanistic qualities of the creature by enabling his speech highlights the complexity of the character Shelley provided through communication. Without vocal recognition, deciphering the creature’s intentions results in a misinterpretation of violence, taking a conclusion within context of his actions rather than what he attempts to communicate verbally. Providing verbal abilities in Shelley’s text shows the advantage of communication to build sympathy, despite the perpetuating effect the creature’s looks inflict. Furthermore, they also emphasize the infliction of fear through the use of words in addition to appearance. The apparent reversal in the roles that the creature’s appearance and inability to communicate inflict builds upon the isolation of the creature. In both adaptions of Frankenstein, there is a false assumption that the creature is a murderer, however in Shelley’s text the creature expresses his story, concluding his intentions of finding love and acceptance. The effect of reversing these roles presents a fallacy in the film that the creature is a monster, deducing that removing his voice loses the depth of the creature, therefore averting the

Comparing Contamination In The UK And Kuwait Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(142) " Depositary Government in the Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish linguistic communications, each version being every bit reliable\." The Sustainable Communities Project helps and support community groups on all facets of environmental jurisprudence and in peculiar on how to efficaciously take part in environmental determination devising ; by organizing and running workshops, seminars, surgeries and other events in their part. We provide information and publications for persons and groups, raises consciousness about environmental rights and justness and inform people about ELF and our services. more†¦ The accomplishments and expertness of ELF and our members are used to inform the legal and other professions about topical environmental issues through the proviso of preparation and educational events. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing Contamination In The UK And Kuwait Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now ELF provides Continuing Professional Development preparation that is accredited by the Law Society, the Bar Council and the Institute of Legal Executives. We besides run a preparation programme for voluntaries and housemans back uping our Advice and Referral Service and Community Outreach Programme. more†¦ ELF promotes entree to environmental justness for the communities we represent and encourage environmental consciousness at every chance. We help authorise communities and persons to do existent alteration for the better, for the environment and for the hereafter. ELF participates in national and international arguments to assist better societal and environmental policy and jurisprudence The Environmental Law Foundation ( E.L.F. ) is a national UK charity committed to assisting persons and communities use the jurisprudence to protect and heighten their environment. The E.L.F. has been awarded support from the Equality and Human Rights Commission to set about a programme of awareness-raising events in England and Wales by the proviso of jurisprudence surgeries aimed at under-represented communities to concentrate on issues of environmental and human rights. The successful campaigner will back up the officer in charge of the bringing of this exciting programme by organizing the information demands of the undertaking and the administration. This station would be of involvement to a recent alumnus who wishes to pursueaa‚ ¬A ¦ Kuwait The Environmental Public Authority of Kuwait ( EPA ) recognizes its ‘ duty towards the environment, and issues this policy as a statement of direction and employee committedness to minimising the environmental impact of its ‘ concern activities. In order to guarantee effectual direction of its ‘ activities, merchandises and services that have the possible to impact the environment, the EPA commits it self to: Bing cognizant of how its activities, merchandises and services impact upon the environment, and conformity with relevant environmental statute law, ordinances and other demands to which it subscribe. Continual betterment of it ‘s environmental public presentation by constructing environmental considerations into its ‘ determination devising procedures and methods of operation, to minimise environmental impact and prevent pollution. Puting and printing a clear set of environmental aims and marks to guarantee continual betterment in it ‘s environmental public presentation and to supervise consequences to guarantee that these marks are met. Guaranting that all EPA activities, merchandises and services, giving rise to important environmental impacts, at all sites are all covered by this policy and that the policy is implemented kept up and communicated to all employees. Communicating this policy and environmental aims to it ‘s clients and all other interested parties. Necessitating its providers and contractors to hold proper respects to EPA ‘s Environmental Policy in regard to the merchandises and services they separately provide. Jetro Aim of The Undertaking The aim of the JETRO Model Project is to analyze optimal solutions for the environmental rehabilitation and preservation of marine H2O quality in Kuwait Bay. To accomplish this intent, the JETRO Model Project includes three undertakings as its constituents as stated below. Three constituents of the Undertaking Component 1: Tidal Flat Project Component 2: Marine Environment Real-time Monitoring Undertakings Component 3: Technology Transfer Project. City CITES ( the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ) is an international understanding between authoritiess. Its purpose is to guarantee that international trade in specimens of wild animate beings and workss does non endanger their endurance. Widespread information presents about the endangered position of many outstanding species, such as the tiger and elephants, might do the demand for such a convention seem obvious. But at the clip when the thoughts for CITES were foremost formed, in the 1960s, international treatment of the ordinance of wildlife trade for preservation intents was something comparatively new. With hindsight, the demand for CITES is clear. Annually, international wildlife trade is estimated to be deserving one million millions of dollars and to include 100s of 1000000s of works and animate being specimens. The trade is diverse, runing from unrecorded animate beings and workss to a huge array of wildlife merchandises derived from them, including nutrient merchandises, alien leather goods, wooden musical instruments, lumber, tourer oddities and medical specialties. Degrees of development of some animate being and works species are high and the trade in them, together with other factors, such as habitat lo ss, is capable of to a great extent consuming their populations and even conveying some species near to extinction. Many wildlife species in trade are non endangered, but the being of an understanding to guarantee the sustainability of the trade is of import in order to safeguard these resources for the hereafter. Because the trade in wild animate beings and workss crosses boundary lines between states, the attempt to modulate it requires international cooperation to safeguard certain species from over-exploitation. CITES was conceived in the spirit of such cooperation. Today, it accords changing grades of protection to more than 30,000 species of animate beings and workss, whether they are traded as unrecorded specimens, fur coats or dried herbs. CITES was drafted as a consequence of a declaration adopted in 1963 at a meeting of members of IUCN ( The World Conservation Union ) . The text of the Convention was eventually agreed at a meeting of representatives of 80 states in Washington DC. , United States of America, on 3 March 1973, and on 1 July 1975 CITES entered in force. The original of the Convention was deposited with the Depositary Government in the Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish linguistic communications, each version being every bit reliable. You read "Comparing Contamination In The UK And Kuwait Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" CITES is an international understanding to which States ( states ) adhere voluntarily. States that have agreed to be bound by the Convention ( ‘joined ‘ Citations ) are known as Parties. Although CITES is lawfully adhering on the Parties aa‚ ¬ † in other words they have to implement the Convention aa‚ ¬ † it does non take the topographic point of national Torahs. Rather it provides a model to be respected by each Party, which has to follow its ain domestic statute law to guarantee that CITES is implemented at the national degree. Daft Contentss Page Chapter 1 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Purposes and aims 1.3 Methodology Chapter 2 2.1 illustrations of the environment issues 2.2 2.3 Chapter 3 3.1 UK environmental issues. 3.2 Regulations A ; Practices. 3.2 Environment organisations. 3.4 UK Environment Agency. Chapter 4 4.1 Kuwait environmental issues. 4.2 Regulations A ; Practices. 4.3 Environment organisations. 4.4 Environment Public Authority ( EPA ) . Chapter 5 5.1 Discussion 5.2 Decision 5.3 Recommendations Mention Appendixs Appendix a Appendix B Literature Review Differences in environmental coverage patterns in the UK and the US ( Leigh Holland A ; Yee Boon Foo, 2002 ) The paper examines the current environmental coverage patterns in the UK and US one-year studies it besides suggests elements of the legal and regulative construction of each state that regulates the bing environmental activity, and so act upon the environmental public presentation, and find the types of revelations that is made. The survey has been designed in order to prove the proposition that legal and regulative contexts are of import in the development of environmental revelations, but recognizes other factors that may be involved. The attack was utilizing a little sample to supply indexs of farther research. Alternatively of prosecuting in either a longitudinal or an in-depth survey for a big figure of companies, therefore the experimental groundss are being exploratory instead than unequivocal. The environmental direction context is examined to show an account of recent developments in order to propose influences on describing pattern that may be of import. After there are some theoretical considerations that are examined to determine whether the types of revelation originating from regulative forces reveal that answerability dose exist in the revelation of environmental information, and to what extent dosage this revelation discharges the organisation ‘s answerability to the users of such information. Globalization and the built environment in Kuwait ( Yasser Mahgoub, 2004 ) This paper argues impact of globalisation on the built environment besides discusses tenseness between the localisation and globalisation forces in Kuwait. Since the center of the twentieth century globalisation that has been active in the Gulf country when it witnessed an express development and transmutation that permitted localisation and globalisation patterns to be more manifested. The purpose of this paper is to analyse groundss and effects of the localisation and globalisation procedures in the reinforced environment of Kuwait through following the transmutation of the built environment the twentieth century. This survey claims that the struggle of manners that is presently present in the reinforced environment is a contemplation of struggle between the globalisation and the localisation processes, and that the cultural forces that is presently finding the built environment, such as Islamic-Western, modern-traditional, and local-international, is the result of this tenseness. In the decision of the paper the procedures of localisation and globalisation are coexisting and inseparable, similar to many other parts of the universe, which are in a province of nonstop alterations and interaction. And that there is a demand for an alternate apprehension of what planetary architecture can be, one that understands the critical demand to conserve and esteem assortment every bit good as doctrines of people, infinite, and the interactions with and within the reinforced signifier. Comparative appraisal of EIA systems in MENA states: Challenges and chances ( Karma El-Fadl, Mutasem El-Fadel, 2004 ) This survey compares the legislative models of the MENA states, Environmental impact appraisal ( EIA ) is created as a determination tool in order to answer to the enforcing crestless wave of eco-centric apprehensivenesss to intercede between techno-centric position of sustained development and the capableness to make economic growing at the same clip as prevailing over the environmental jobs. This paper reveals position of EIA systems in the states of North Africa and Middle East part through a relative appraisal of the presented and planned processs and statute law. The incorporation of the pattern of EIA into a broad scope of civilizations and political systems reflecting the desire and demand to unite environmental considerations into the decision-making procedure. In decision there was foregrounding for some root cause of inadequate or hapless environmental direction public presentation throughout the part. Such as the consequence of poorness in rushing up the environmental debasement has been good established and recognized worldwide over the old ages. In add-on, environmental debasement is compounded with high rates of population growing and deficient degrees of instruction both at local populations and decision-making degrees. The analysis point out that there is deficient expertness and heed among the determination shapers and the populace, refering the significance of suited environmental direction and this is due to the low rate of implementing environmental statute law every bit good as deficiency of satisfactory environmental criterions and monitoring plans. Terrestrial A ; Atmospheric Environment During As ; After the Gulf War ( Tahir Husain, 1997 ) Appraisal of different pollutants in the tellurian environment as a consequence of Kuwaiti oil fires are presented in this survey. And the impacts of these pollutants on the environment and human wellness are besides briefly discussed. The most obvious environmental jobs emerged during the Gulf War were due to the largest oil spill on record and the torching of the oil Wellss in the Kuwaiti oil Fieldss. The Other environmental jobs were those associated with the harm done to the earthly environment due to the monolithic troop motions, the discharge of ammo during land and air conflicts, the possible release of toxic stuffs, and the ingestion of land and sea mines. In this survey there was a comparative rating during and after the Gulf War, based on the informations compiled on particulate affair concentration and gaseous pollutants at assorted locations within Kuwait. The analysis confirms that the concentration of gaseous pollutants and particulate affair during the oil fires in 1991 was much higher than in 1993. The economical and international dimensions of the environmental jobs, environmental jobs in the Black Sea part and the function of the voluntary organisations ( Nagehan Arslana, Mustafa Okmenb, 2005 ) Today environmental jobs have local, national and international facets. Where the environmental jobs in the Black Sea part are a good illustration, these jobs have affected all six states that have shores with the Black Sea. This survey analyses these jobs, and aims to comprehend the possible grounds for these jobs followed with suggestions to work out them taking into consideration the economic dimensions. Then it emphasizes the functions and importance of voluntary organisations in the procedure of work outing environmental jobs. The decision where basic stipulations to set about these jobs such as finding of the environmental state of affairs, development of a effectual, experienced applicable methods for support of proficient and institutional capacity, finding of investing demands in order to halt environmental pollution and decay. And that the solution proposals should include the fact that environmental jobs have legal, economic, societal, and political dimensions with their cumulative belongingss. The survey stressed that an analytical attack is needed for causes and result by analyzing the environmental jobs with local, regional and international belongingss. â€Å" State of the Art † – current cognition in the field Under the relevant European Directives, an Environmental Statement is the accepted merchandise of an Environmental Impact Assessment. Environmental Statements are frequently prearranged in a manner that illustrates the environmental baseline, betterment and effects for each type of environmental receptors such as ecology, archeological resources, H2O resources, human existences etc. Contaminated land is frequently managed in the same ways as a assortment of environmental receptor groups, although it is chiefly a cause of impacts instead than a receptor. It besides frequently refers to a preexistent province and its destructive consequence is on a assortment of different receptors such as human wellness, edifices, groundwater characteristics, surface H2O characteristics and ecology. This means that land taint experts struggle with incorporating the issue in a logical mode in an Environmental Statement. And lodging to the structured attack of an environmental statement is critical to guarantee a clear image of the bing environmental status. Contaminated land in many states is considered to be on a source-pathway-receptor footing. This is critical to understand the impact that land development can hold on the topic of contaminated land. And development can interfere with any of these three elements. As a affair of fact It can present sensitive receptors through altering the usage of land, for case by constructing new residential units on a site that was before used for heavy industry. New tracts linking preexistent taint with a current receptor can be formed, for case when stacking throughout a non-permeable bed linking a bed of contaminated dirts with a deep aquifer. Finally by presenting pollutants on the site, a development undertaking can present possible beginnings of taint. And the 2nd component presently considered is the structured attack of an environmental statement. CURRENTLY IN KUWAIT The MDG 7 purposes for the incorporation of sustainable development rules into state ordinances, policies and programmes that was achieved in Kuwait when the Environment Public Authority ( EPA ) was established in 1995. The EPA is responsible for the direction and protection of environment. The EPA statute law establishing has given it a high profile necessitating the supreme council of the authorization chaired by the First Deputy Prime Minister. Harmonizing to the international categorization, and the geographical place of the state every bit good as the size, the proportion of land country covered by woods which is zero and the land country protected to keep a biological assortment is undistinguished as a per centum of the whole country of the state. Kuwait has experienced a systematic addition in GDP per unit of energy usage. The per centum of population that is utilizing solid fuels has been zero for a long clip on the history of the immensely developed nature of the society every bit good as on the history of the fact that the economic system is oil-based affecting the easiness of usage of non-solid fuels. Hence Kuwait is located in a desert part, with no woods ; there is no major deduction for utilizing solid fuels on the environment. Kuwaitis enjoy a nice criterion of life and accordingly, the per centum of population with sustainable entree to heighten beginnings of H2O has been 100 % for a extended period of clip. Therefore, the MDG 7 mark 10 has already been achieved. Sing the sum of people with entree to procure tenancy, approximately 99.7 % of Kuwaiti families had entree to procure tenancy as of December 2002. Of these, 11.6 % were populating in modern flats and 1.2 % life in traditional houses and extensions, and 86.9 % life in houses. The State of Kuwait, with a entire country of 17,820 kilometers, lies at the caput of the Arabian Gulf. It is bordered in the North and Northwest by Iraq, in the sou’-west and West by Saudi Arabia and it overlooks the Gulf to the E. Kuwait has a desert clime characterized by a long, dry hot summer, with temperatures sometimes even falling below four grades Celsius. The long-run mean one-year rainfall for the whole state historically was about 176 millimeters. The Arabian ( Persian ) Gulf is 1,000 kilometer by 200-300 kilometers broad, and is oriented north-west aa‚ ¬ † sou’-east. Very shallow, the mean deepness is merely approximately 36 m. The Environment of Kuwait suffered the worst oil pollution events in human history. On August 2, 1990 Kuwait was invaded by Iraqi military personnels. The environmental amendss ensuing from the invasion and the subsequent release war have affected all ecosystems, every bit good as human wellness. Seven hundred and eight oil Wellss were sabotaged or set on fire. Approximately two to three million barrels of petroleum oil, burned and unburned, were emitted daily during the release war for 300 yearss. Overall, 70 million barrels of oil contaminated 49 kilometer of the desert as oil lakes. Around 953 kilometer of the desert was oiled from the radioactive dust of greasy atoms. The oil taint of the tellurian ecosystems reached degrees on an unprecedented graduated table in the history of the planet. The impacts on the environment will take decennaries to partly vanish and their full effects may ne’er be realized. The oil taint of the sea has had less serious impacts in the Kuwaiti Marine environment, and the natural recovery has improved the state of affairs over clip. Presently, the coral reefs appear healthy and the measure of runt harvested each twelvemonth is similar to the 1s recorded before the war. These findings do non place the more long-run impacts of the taint on Marine ecosystems and populating species. Twelve old ages after the war. The visual aspect of the environment is much better. The marine resources still have a great potency and are a chief part to the nutrient supply in Kuwait. The oil production statistics demonstrate that oil production in Kuwait after the war has full recovered. Battle with supervisor Capable countries discussed and drumhead of aid given Evidence of meetings see attached signifiers Programme to Completion Capable countries discussed and drumhead of aid given Updated version of your Initial Project Proposal Transcript from the initial entry with alterations clearly indicated How to cite Comparing Contamination In The UK And Kuwait Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Cheating free essay sample

Akinwumi IfeOluwa Cause and effect essay Why students cheat In 2008 behavioral economist Dan Ariely of Duke University and his colleagues described what happened when they asked college students to solve math puzzles for cash rewards. When the researchers changed the experimental conditions such that the students assumed the examiner could not detect cheating, the average self- reported test score rose significantly. The researchers determined that the scores were not inflated by a few students who cheated a lot but rather by many students heating a little. Cheating is a form of dishonesty which could involve academic dishonesty such as plagiarism. There are several reasons why students cheat, reasons such as constant pressure; both from parents and peers, lack of confidence in their ability, it often provides the easiest way out, laziness, procrastination and many more. Fast facts provide that cheating is astoundingly common, a survey also reveals that about three fourths of 1,800 s tudents at nine universities admitted to heating both in assignments and tests. We will write a custom essay sample on Cheating or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Students often cheat because of constant pressure; pressure from parents, pressure from friends. Parent often pressurize their children to do well academically and many parents put intense pressure on their children to earn perfect grades, no matter the cost, however, many parents often rely mostly on the grades rather than what they gain from school. Parents often tend to fill their childrens head with some horror stories about people who do not o through college, often telling them that they would end up on the streets and they would become a nuisance to the society.

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I have yet to find one person who has heard of the best band from Boulder, Colorado known as The Samples. It is very disheartening for me to realize not too many people have experienced the unbelievable sound and style characterized by this group. I hope to remedy this unfortunate situation with this review. I tripped across The Samples newest album, Underwater People in my local music stores Jazz section. Wait! Dont stop reading, let me explain. Obviously they did not know where to put a band with so much talent. They probably had never heard music quite as good as The Samples and because of this they had no idea where it belonged. I think the band deserves a section all to itself, especially now that they have three albums. (I think I would be hard-pressed to find a music store that agreed with me, however true this statement might be. We will write a custom essay sample on Underwater People or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ) The Samples consist of four unbelievably skilled musicians: Sean on guitar and vocals; Al Laughlin on keyboards and vocal; Jeep on drums and percussion and Andy S. on bass and vocals. Their latest album is a compilation of eight songs, four new and four taken from their previous two albums. Branford Marsalis adds an excellent dimension with his guest appearance, as does Charles Hambleton with his guitar in two different songs. I cannot come up with adequate words to describe this band. They are like no other band. They and their songs are full of contagious energy. I guarantee that anyone who dares to track down The Samples will love their music as much as I do. n

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Andrew Jackson In the election of 1828, Andrew Jackson ran against John Quincy Adams. Everyone that wasn’t in support of Adams, ran against him. Jackson was able to modify some of the awkward things that Adams did when he became President in the previous election. Jackson’s supporters told others that Adams was a member of the upper class and that Jackson himself represented the â€Å"common man.† And since Jackson was a military chief and commander, Adams followers said that if Jackson became President that he would become an over powerful dictator like Napoleon Bonaparte. Just like people were saying at the time, this really was a personal election. In spite of all the clashing of ideas, Jackson turned out to be the easy winner, probably based on the fact that there truly was more common people than wealthy ones. The day Jackson sworn in as the new President, that started the Jacksonian Age. When Jackson went on his way to the capital, tons of â€Å"common† people gathered in crowds to see him and cheer him on. Since Jackson was a every day person, he let other ever day people in to work in the white house. This system became later known as the Spoils System. But these new people weren’t getting the job done as well as previous members did before. Jackson had many other ideas that he wanted to be completed when he was President. Jackson wanted to veto the national bank, war on the Bank of the Untied States, and to get rid of all the Indians. Jackson didn’t like the bank because he believed, and like most of the westerners, that the bank had too much power. Jackson and his followers saw the Bank as undemocratic. The private employees who ran the Bank became rich off of the public funds. That is what Jackson really despised. Jackson had sent an angry message to Congress saying that he vetoed the Bank and powerful enough reasons. One of his man reasons was that he believed that the Bank helped make the u... Free Essays on Andrew Jacksons Presidency Free Essays on Andrew Jacksons Presidency Andrew Jackson In the election of 1828, Andrew Jackson ran against John Quincy Adams. Everyone that wasn’t in support of Adams, ran against him. Jackson was able to modify some of the awkward things that Adams did when he became President in the previous election. Jackson’s supporters told others that Adams was a member of the upper class and that Jackson himself represented the â€Å"common man.† And since Jackson was a military chief and commander, Adams followers said that if Jackson became President that he would become an over powerful dictator like Napoleon Bonaparte. Just like people were saying at the time, this really was a personal election. In spite of all the clashing of ideas, Jackson turned out to be the easy winner, probably based on the fact that there truly was more common people than wealthy ones. The day Jackson sworn in as the new President, that started the Jacksonian Age. When Jackson went on his way to the capital, tons of â€Å"common† people gathered in crowds to see him and cheer him on. Since Jackson was a every day person, he let other ever day people in to work in the white house. This system became later known as the Spoils System. But these new people weren’t getting the job done as well as previous members did before. Jackson had many other ideas that he wanted to be completed when he was President. Jackson wanted to veto the national bank, war on the Bank of the Untied States, and to get rid of all the Indians. Jackson didn’t like the bank because he believed, and like most of the westerners, that the bank had too much power. Jackson and his followers saw the Bank as undemocratic. The private employees who ran the Bank became rich off of the public funds. That is what Jackson really despised. Jackson had sent an angry message to Congress saying that he vetoed the Bank and powerful enough reasons. One of his man reasons was that he believed that the Bank helped make the u...

Ethics and Financial Crisis of 2008 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethics and Financial Crisis of 2008 - Essay Example The instruments used to create debt in the economy were subprime mortgages. These mortgages were given to people who do not have collateral for their borrowing and were given without banks assessing their sources of income. They were given on the basis of credit score. Hence, in case these people go bankrupt, banks had no avenue to recover their investments. Since, the Financial System in the USA is not independent this created a â€Å"domino effect† situation. When the largest investment bank in the universe Lehmann Brothers collapsed, many other institutions in the US started feeling the pressure. Many had to write off their investments in Lehmann Brothers and they started to crumble. In order to assess why this happened, a study of risky and unethical instruments that were prevalent in the US Financial System at that time is needed. (NY, 2009) Credit Default Swaps are one of the most risky instruments that were common in the United States of America’s financial syste m prior to the 2008 financial crises. This instrument was used by lending companies to hedge their investment against credit risk. If one party need loan, the lender usually asked an insurance company to hedge their loan in the case of credit event against a periodic fee. This looked really bright and it was considered that it was going to increase the level of investments in the economy. For example, if A needs a loan and have a credit rating of B+. B lends loans and lends only to companies with a credit rating of AAA. The third party C with a credit rating of AAA will tell B that it will insure A against a periodic payment. Suppose A agrees and lend $2 Billion to A. It is also important to assume that insurance companies have limited assets. Suppose C has assets worth $3 Billion. It can be assumed that in case of bankruptcy of A, B can recover his investment through C. This looked fine, but what started happening was that companies like started insuring the loans that were as big as 10 times of their assets. Now in case credit event occurs, then they were unable to repay the lender. That was only a speculation that borrowers won’t default on loans. However, if loans that were more than the assets held by C default, then there is no way C can pay A. This would lead to a collapse. Not only A and C will collapse, but A will also go down due to high level of non-performing loans. Similarly, all the debtors of A will also lose their money and domino effect will be created. This is what happened prior to the crises started. The instruments were so risky, that they lead to the fall of the whole Financial System of the United States of America. The reason of failure of these instruments was the high systematic risk that was present in this type of securities. Since, it is impossible to diversify this risk, there was no way that the insurance companies could predict which companies would do well and which would fall down. Since, these instruments could not be diversified it lead a collapse of the whole financial system of the United States of America. (Money Monitoring, 2011). MBS or Mortgage Backed Securities were another fancy term used in the era prior to the 2008 financial crises. Mortgages were given on the premise that the property prices have been rising in the economy. So even if the

What makes Margaret Mead so important in Anthropology circles Essay

What makes Margaret Mead so important in Anthropology circles - Essay Example In the documentary videos about her life and work perused for this essay, one could witness the key developments in anthropological study that she initiated. One could see in the videos, that Mead contributed immensely to not just the study of cultural anthropology retrospectively, but she played a role in creating new trends and fashions in her own era. In this view, Mead was a key figure who ushered the cultural upheavals in the American society of the 1960s. The ‘Hippies’ culture of this period was inspired by thoughts of such intellectuals as Mead, who were able to present anthropology from a feminist perspective. In her early field work in remote islands in the South Pacific and Southeast Asia, Mead had documented the significance of face-to-face interactions, especially the crucial role that adults play in the lives of children, simply by virtue of their presence. Mead’s work on gender roles and behaviour in a society has withstood the scrutiny of time. For example, in the case of development of boys, by having regular contact with various kinds of men (some abrasive, some gentle, some caring, some others playful, some serious, some sporty, some cerebral, etc) boys get a well-rounded and empowering notion of what is possible in their own lives when they grow up. This is in contrast with the Boy Scouts of America's rather narrow definition of proper masculinity, which causes more harm than help boys realize their full potential. For example, â€Å"misogyny and homophobia are characteristic of mid-century definitions of masculinity in part because those definitions are oppositional: a man is manly because he is not womanly, or feminine, or subject to the male gaze. Opening masculinity up to different modes of behavior, including traditionally "feminine" ones, helps to define men in the context of what they are, not what they are not. Moving away from abstractions, and allowing boys the flexibility that we currently as a society claim to want for our girls, can only be for the good.† (Lanclos, 2010, p.341) Mead’s studies showed the impact of culture upon nature, at a time when the pre-eminence of nature was still holding forte. She followed the precedence set by Franz Boas (who had earlier conducted fieldwork in South Pacific) and pointed to the fact that attitudes and behavior related to sexual conduct differed greatly between the studied group and that of middle class Americans. This was a radical new idea at that time, as adolescence was seen as universally turbulent and conflicted. Mead’s insights into the role of ‘nurture’ in sexual conduct revolutionized Western notions of culture and interpersonal relations. For example, the culture of these people from distant lands created a â€Å"more permissive, guilt-free attitude towards sexual intercourse in teenage years, without any commitment to permanent relationships†. (Cravens, 2010, p.299) In general, sex was seen as a re creation and indulged in for fun. American readers of these studies were taken aback at first. But they soon warmed up to the allure of â€Å"exotic young maidens were having delightful sexual romps on exotic isles with a changing cast of young male companions was virtually irresistible to many literate Americans. Mead thus reached great fame and popularity in the United States.† (Cravens, 2010, p.299) Margaret Mead’s path-breaking book Coming of Age in Samoa offered such a fresh perspective that in the foreword to the book, her mentor Franz Boas summarizes the core thesis thus: â€Å"Courtesy, modesty, good manners, conformity to definite ethical standards are universal, but what constitutes these is not universal. It is instructive to know that standards differ in the

Lean Production System-(JIT) Just In Time Inventory Research Paper

Lean Production System-(JIT) Just In Time Inventory - Research Paper Example n.d., par. 1). In HMC’s situation, therefore, JIT inventory is perceived to be a crucial part of the lean production system whereby the identified goals contain the need to focus on maximizing the use of the most appropriate inventory levels which are consistent with the strategies used. Explanation on How JIT would Help HMC’s Subassembly Area The current situation at HMC’s subassembly area is as follows: (1) an increase in outsourcing brought greater demands for assembly operations; (2) management was reported to have been experiencing difficulties in allotting space for assembly operations; (3) there was no permanent and enough space for assembly operations as case facts indicate that management often located the assembly areas in any location where there was open floor space; (4) with anticipated demands for increased assembly operations, HMC finds itself experiencing extreme cases of excess materials or the need to expedite materials from suppliers at the ver y last minute to prevent from missing a customer’s deadline; (5) the original plant layout did not include a space of assembly operations; thereby current assembly layout causes inefficiencies and increases costs and wastes in production time and resources. The JIT would definitely help the sub-assembly area by recommending strategies that would improve sourcing, delivery and level (as well as costs) of inventories and improving the lay-out for production, among others. As emphasized, â€Å"JIT applies primarily to repetitive manufacturing processes in which the same products and components are produced over and over again. The general idea is to establish flow processes (even when the facility uses a jobbing or batch process layout) by linking work centers so that there is an even, balanced flow of materials throughout the entire production process, similar to that found in an assembly line. To accomplish this, an attempt is made to reach the goals of driving all inventory buffers toward zero and achieving the ideal lot size of one unit† (Just-In-Time (JIT) Production, n.d., par. 2). By eliminating the need to movement of people and materials (layout); observing and calculating the most effective inventory level; as well as observing the goals of JIT partnerships (â€Å"elimination of unnecessary activities; elimination of in-plant inventory; elimination of in-transit inventory; and elimination of poor suppliers) (Ahmadi, n.d., p. 13), JIT would have helped HMC in improving the subassembly area. Explanation of Impact These Actions on the Objectives Established As one has explained, the JIT goals are consistent with the goals that were established by HMC, to wit:

Security And Confidentiality On The Internet Information Technology Essay

Security And Confidentiality On The Internet Information Technology Essay On 9th of November 2009 The Internet teacher requested 3000 word report related to the FETAC Internet module. This report was to be submitted by 14th of January2010. The topic of the report is Security and Confidentiality on the Internet with reference to cookies, viruses, encryption, digital signatures, firewalls, filtering software and personal privacy. Recommendations were requested. 2. Method of Procedure I found most of the information on the internet. In order to obtain the relevant information, I used Google Search Engine with keywords in English: Internet Security, Privacy on the Internet, Malware, Computer Viruses, Cookies, Firewalls, Filtering Software, Encryption, Digital Signatures, Computer Protection, Threats on the Internet. Keywords in Lithuanian: Privatumas Internete, Saugumas Intenete, Kompiuteriniai Virusai, UgniasienÄ-s, Filtravimo PrgraminÄ- Ä ®ranga, Ã…Â  ifravimas, Skaitmeninis ParaÃ…Â ¡as, Pavojai Internete. Also, some printed sources of information such as books and a periodical press in English and Lithaunian were adopted. Several pages for each topic were checked to confirm that the information was correct and fully understud. That hepled me to make conclusions and to give recommendations. 3. Findings 3.1 Importance of Subject With the progress of affordable technology more of us store more and more of our life in bits and bytes. By the end of 2009 there was more than 1,5 billion Internet users in 260 countries on every continent. The Internet is not a single network, but a vast array of connected networks situated all over the world, easily accessible by personal computers, notebooks, netbooks, smartphones, PDAs, game consoles, advanced TVs, same photo cameras or even kitchen appliances as hi-tech fridges and microwaves in a variety of ways. Today, the Internet uses gateways, routers, broadband connections, Wi-Fi spots and Internet service providers (ISPs) to make itself available at all times. Individuals and organizations worldwide can reach almost any point on the network without regard to national or geographic boundaries or time of day, there is some exceptions regarding to Internet censorship. Nowadays, it become hard to find the business without any connection to the Internet, because of its excellent source of marketing, convenience, high speed, low cost, and almost unlimited possibilities. Institutions of education, hospitals, banks, institutions of public service, providers of mobile service and internet, utility companies and of course our government has our personal information on their computers and they are connected to the Internet. With the birth of Social Networking Sites such as Bebo, Facebook, MySace, Twitter ect., we sharing our pictures, personal details, our thoughts and lives with friends and if we are not careful with everybody on the Internet. Just Facebook on its own has more than 400 million users. Even more, with new generation of Internet- Cloud Computing, individuals and business users are storing less data on their hard drives and more in the cloud- remote servers, operated by giants like Google and Amazon. However, while using the Internet, along with the convenience and speed of access to information come new risks. Among them are the risks that valuable information will be lost, stolen, corrupted, or misused and that the computer systems will be corrupted. If information is recorded electronically and is available on networked computers, it is more vulnerable than if the same information is printed on paper and locked in a file cabinet. Intruders do not need to enter an office or home, and may not even be in the same country. They can steal or tamper with information without touching a piece of paper or a photocopier. They can create new electronic files, run their own programs, and even hide all evidence of their unauthorized activity. So if we are closing and locking the door in our house to prevent criminals gain access to our valuables, we must take care of our house and life in the digital world and use all possible security and privacy on the Internet measures against the threats. WORLD INTERNET USAGE AND POPULATION STATISTICS World Regions Population ( 2009 Est.) Internet Users Dec.31,2000 Internet Users Latest Data Penetration (%Population) Growth 2000-2009 Users %of Table Africa 991,002,342 4,514,400 67,371,700 6.8 % 1,392.4% 3.9 % Asia 3,808,070,503 114,304,000 738,257,230 19.4 % 545.9 % 42.6 % Europe 803,850,858 105,096,093 418,029,796 52.0 % 297.8 % 24.1 % Middle East 202,687,005 3,284,800 57,425,046 28.3 % 1,648.2% 3.3 % North America 340,831,831 108,096,800 252,908,000 74.2 % 134.0 % 14.6 % Latin America/Caribbean 586,662,468 18,068,919 179,031,479 30.5 % 890.8 % 10.3 % Oceania / Australia 34,700,201 7,620,480 20,970,490 60.4 % 175.2 % 1.2 % WORLD TOTAL 6,767,805,208 360,985,492 1,733,993,741 25.6 % 380.3 % 100.0 % Copyright  © 2001 2009, Miniwatts Marketing Group 3.2 Personal Privacy Total privacy does not exist on the Internet, but it is possible to minimize the risks. Most security breaches are not done by technology, but by social engineering. In security, people is the most risky factor of all, yet its the one thing thats often forgotten. A company may setup firewalls, security software, locks and fingerprint scanners, but if they forget to establish and enforce a well designed security policy, they have forgotten the most important part. The easiest way to get a password from someone is just to ask! In more likely situations, an attacker may simply call random people and pretend they are a tech support person trying to fix a problem, and ask for confidential information as part of the diagnostic. Pretexting Pretexting is the way of stealing information by providing just a little bit of known information, and pretending to be someone youre not. Thats how identity thieves can call banks and, after a few tries, by simply providing basic information about the target, get all the data they want. Phishing Phishing is when you receive an email that looks like its from your bank, Paypal, online shop or another secure site you use, and asking you to login to confirm your information. It works in this way: the criminals sets up a website which looks like the genuine one and then sends phishing email to thousands of people, until they find somebody. Then when the person tries to login, his login information is intercepted by the bad guys and used to steal valuable information. Malware Malicious programs, especially Key loggers can record what keys on the keyboard you are pressing when login to secure websites, to obtain your username and password. Often Key loggers are incorporated together with Trojan Viruses, programs which pretends to be useful software i.e. antivirus or computer maintenance programs, to send stolen information to the criminals. Privacy threats on Social Networking Sites Internet users have to be very careful with the private information that they share on the web. Internet is becoming very popular way to communicate with people. Most people who give too much of private information about themselves arent aware about the risks they taking. There are people who can pretend to be your friends, gain information and use this information against you for blackmailing, psychological terror or for access to secure private pages. Conclusions and Recommendations The offenders are always inventing new methods to steal private information. We have to be aware about that, constantly refresh our knowledge about security and existing scam schemes and take all possible security measures by using trusted up to date security software. Never click a link in an email from unknown sender, never download from an untrusted source, and always type in the address of your financial sites to access them. Need to avoid to disclose sensitive information online especially to the people we dont know very well. Also we have to remember that these attacks also can be done offline. Most identity thefts are done by people simply going through rubbish bins and getting confidential data that was thrown out, like a bank statements, invoices, payslips ect. We cant do much to secure our personal data collected and stored by businesses and institutions which can also be stolen or misused, just hope that they will take same good care as we do. 3.3 Cookies What are Cookies? Cookies are a piece of text that a web server sends to web browser and are stored on a users hard disk. Main purpose of cookies is to help prepare customized web pages with our settings, interests, browsing habits. It works in similar way to loyalty cards i.e. if we bought a book in Amazon internet shop, next time when we come back to Amazon first it will offer similar books to our purchase. Cookies do not act maliciously on computer systems. They are text files that can be deleted at any time. Cookies cant be used to spread viruses. But because any personal information that we gave to a web site will be stored in a cookie some people can accept it as a threat to privacy and anonymity. To prevent misuse of information in the cookie if its stolen, information in the cookie is encrypted. How do They Work? When we visit a site that uses cookies, it can ask the browser to place one or more cookies on the visitors hard drive. It will contain our name and password, fill in form i.e. delivery addresses and basically what we do in the page. Next time, when we come back to the site the web browser sends back the cookies that belong to the site and then we will see personalized Web page with our details. Generally cookies help us to save a little bit of time. And we always have possibility to switch it off, however internet shopping web pages requires cookies to accesses them. How Could I Prevent/Manage Cookies? If we want to delete cookies we have to follow these steps: Internet Explorer: Tools /Internet options/Security /Set security level to high or custom level/Cookies/Disable. Mozilla Firefox: Tools/Options/Privacy/Cookies/Uncheck/Allow sites to set cookies Other options are to use designated Cookie Managing software or to use advanced Antivirus programs which also have the option to control cookies, to block cookies that we dont want and save only the cookies that we want. Conclusions and Recommendations I think that cookies are useful because we can get personalized information to read, do not spend time on security questions where it is necessary to enter a password, we dont have to spend time filling up same forms. Cookies do not collect information saved in the computer, it can contain only private data that we give to a website on our own free will. And if we dont want some cookies we are able to remove them from computer when we want. Some websites such as internet banking, e-shops and similar are impossible to use properly without allowing the cookies. 3.4 Viruses What is a Virus? Computer viruses are small malicious program codes, which are designed by using various techniques to hide themselves inside the executable files. Their aim is to replicate, spread between the computers using removable media or network and to interfere with computer operation: slowing down computer, damaging or deleting data, disturbing users and wasting time by showing annoying massages. Virus can be classified by several characteristic: depend on the origin, on the way how they infect computer, on the place where they hide, on the damage that they can cause However, the computer virus is only one type of the malicious software or malware, but majority of computer users referring to all malicious programs (Trojan horses, worms, rootkits, spyware etc.) as the viruses. Type of Virus Different viruses can have many common characteristics and constantly appearing viruses with new specifications or combinations. Resident Virus. Loads the replication module into RAM memory when is executed, after this virus can infect all files that are accessed by user or operating system. If the antivirus program fails to spot the virus in the RAM it can infect all scanned files. FAT Virus. The File Allocation Table is a fundamental element in the system it works like an index, keeping information where is the files stores on the hard disk drive (HDD), which sectors are empty etc. If this vital index is destroyed by virus, it makes impossible for computer to locate files. It also can overwrite the files or entire directories corrupting them permanently. Sometimes the only solution to fix the computer affected by FAT virus is to format hard disk drive. Huge downside of this is that all information on HDD will be permanently erased. Virus of Direct-Action. Sometimes referred as Non-Resident Virus, they are unlike to resident virus, not loading in to RAM memory. They try to infect the programs and cause damage at the moment of execution of infected file. Most of viruses are Resident. Overwriting Virus. Most destructible type of virus, it overwrites the information in the infected files corrupting them permanently. If you dont have the back-up copy of your files its a bad news because the only way to get rid of this type of virus is to delete infected files. Boot Virus. Also known as System Virus. These viruses infect critical section with boot code on hard disk or another bootable media storage that helps to start computer. When the computer starts up and the boot virus is launched, it can take complete control over infected computer and does everything it wants (steal private information, delete system files etc.) Clean bootable antivirus software required to disinfect the system. However depend on the virus this solution is not enough to clean bootable sector. Macro Virus. Macros are micro-programs associated with a file that serve to automate joint complexes of operation. Macro virus expand from applications which use macro, word document (file with extension .doc),Excel (file with extension .xls) data of Access (file with extension .mdb), Power point (file with extension .pps). When we open a file containing a virus of this type of macros are automatically loaded causing the infection. Most applications that use macros have, but many macro viruses easily circumvent this protection. Multipartite Virus.Very advanced type of virus that can perform multiple infections combining different techniques. These viruses are considered very dangerous, for its ability to combine many techniques of infection and harmful effects of their actions. File Virus. Infect programs or executable files (files with extension .ex and .com) when run the infected program, the virus becomes active, producing different effects. The majority of exiting viruses are of this type. Logic Bombs.Neither virus is considered strictly as they do not reproduce. They are not separate programs, but hides in an unmarked segment within another program.They aim to destroy the data on a computer or cause other significant damage on it when certain conditions are met. While this does not happen, no one notices the presence of the logic bomb. Its action can be extremely destructive. Trojan Virus.Trojan arent considered virus, because they dont replicate themselves. Trojans are commonly hidden in the programs that appliers to be useful, but instead opens unauthorized access to users computer. Trojans also can be installed thorough web pages with executable content (ActiveX control), email attachements. The effects of the Trojan can be very dangerous, allowing remote control from other computer (downloading, uploading, modifying or deleting files), installing key loggers and other malware, connecting computer to botnet (sending SPAM messages, perform network DDos attacks). How can computers become infected and what damage can cause? Viruses can infect computers through: Internet (email attachments, infected web pages, downloading infected files) Computer networks Removable Media Drives Virus Symptoms: The computer runs very slow Reduces the available memory The computer shuts down or freeze frequently There are programs which do not work or malfunction There is less free space on your hard disk Computer files disappear Strange messages appear on the screen. Some file are renamed or extended Conclusions and Recommendations Not everything that affects the normal functioning of a computer is a virus. Is very important to have means to detect and disinfect viruses use an antivirus program and update daily (use default settings). Scan all removable disks before use it and scan computer periodically at least once a week. 3.5 Firewall A firewall is a system that protects a computer or computer networks blocking unauthorized network access while permitting authorized communications. Firewall can be implemented in software, hardware or combination of both. Firewall is placed between protected and unprotected networks and acts as a gate to protect network or single computer, by inspecting network traffic, applying rules and allowing or denying connection. Firewall can use different techniques to do so: Packet filter (inspects every information packet passing through the network) Application gateway (applies rules to specific applications such as FTP, Telnet servers.) Circuit-level gateway(applies rules to TCP or UDP connections, when are made there is no further inspection.) Proxy Server (checks all network activity passing through network.) Conclusions and Recommendations Everyone should use a firewall against network intruders to protect computer and private information. Most of the antivirus programs and operating systems have integrated firewall software. Minor disadvantage of firewall, it can slow down Internet traffic and can be tricky for not advanced users to set-up it properly (not blocking traffic for useful programs). 3.6 Filtering Software The filtering software is designed to control what contents are allowed to be accessed on Internet. Often its installed on the computers of educational, government organizations, private companies. Filtering software is commonly used by parents to prevent their children from having access to certain web places unsuitable for minors. It also can be used as the mean of censorship in some countries. How does it work? Nowadays on the market there are many options of filtering software with various techniques and content filtering to prevent from harmful online material. The filtering programs works like that: Address blocking websites containing such content Controlling access times Accepting default address list Possible to establish your own list of addresses Assigning different profiles or different days and times(work, leisure, etc.) Controlling which services can be used at any time and for each user (mail, chat, etc.) Advantages and disadvantages of Filtering Software. Advantage of filtering software is that does not allow minor to access pages of violence, pornography, racism. In a work place it prevents employees of wasting their time and resources for personal proposes (chatting online, social network pages, etc.). Main disadvantage is over-zealous filtering. Par example, in some filters attempts to block the word sex would block words such as Essex and Sussex and etc. Internet censorship in some countries limits freedom of speech for different reasons and that is not a good thing. Some Filtering Software examples. Netnanny, Mobicop, DansGuard, CleanFeed,Web Sence 3.7 Encryption Its a method to convert the characters of a text that can not be understood unless it is read with the corresponding key. Used to protect the integrity of secret information if it is intercepted. Encryption is also used when data is sent via secure intranet (VSPN). Encryption is used for electronic commerce to protect credit card information. How does it work? The keys are the heart of the encryption. The keys are complex mathematical formulas (algorithms) used to encrypt and decrypt information. If someone encrypts a message, only one with the appropriate key can decrypt the message. Algorithms are used to perform a hash function. This process produces a unique MD5 for this message. The MD5 is encrypted with the senders private key resulting in a fingerprint. Conclusions and Recommendations Everyone who has and important or secret information (banks, hospitals, government, universities, e-commerce sites) they have to keep this information in secret from fraudsters. In recent years, it was few cases when portable computers of government organizations with secret information were lost or stolen. Laptops (portable computers) became more and more popular and most of us have some kind of personal information on our computers. So it is very important to have that information encrypted, in case of losing it. 3.8 Digital Signatures A set of data in electronic form attached to or associated with others which are used to identify the signatory, which allows you to check the provenance, authenticity and integrity of messages exchanged over the Internet. There are two types of electronic signatures: basic and advanced. The basic does not guarantee the identity of the signer, neither the veracity of information received since the sending does not ensure that the issuer has made it known to us, while the advanced signature identifies the signer and detect any subsequent change of data that could occur. The digital signature is a specific techology signature and created by the so-called System Asymmetric key cryptography and it works like that : The holder has two keys : public key and private key ,private key is only known to the issuer and is associated to the information you send .while the person who received only know their public key . Two keys are needed and complement each other to get the encrypted message appears as the original . When we want sent private information the information is encrypted by system which use mathematical operations so the information becames encripted ( strange numbers and letters) so the message only can be deciphered by the people who know the instruction and have a public key Conclusions and Recommendations It should be used by the organitations which have an important or secret information as banks, universities, hospitals, etc., these organitations should use digital signatures in order to avoid the risk of fraud .they have to be sure about the authenticy of the sender.

Historical Events that Impacted Contact Improvisation Essay -- Dance T

Historical Events that Impacted Contact Improvisation Dance has evolved greatly throughout the centuries. It began with ballet and has led up to contact improvisation. This form of dance begun in the early 1970's and was started by a man named Steve Paxton and a group of postmodern dancers from New York City. Contact improvisation is a partnering form of dance and known as the art of moving spontaneously with a group or another person. This form of dance does not require the exact set of traditional skills of other dance form, it doesn’t have a technique that could be studied, and it is practiced in order to accomplish the highest potential. Contact improvisation came at a great time period, which of course was the 70's. The main historical events that were taking place then were the Watergate Scandal, the end of the Cold War, and the Vietnam War. The Watergate Scandal was a very important and altering event in our nation’s history. The Watergate Scandal was during a presidential campaign when DC police arrested five men caught breaking into the Democratic National Committee headquarters in a residence complex, the Watergate. Eventually, the scandal got back to Nixon and they realized that he was behind it. Then the House of Judiciary Committee adopted three articles of impeachment, which were Nixon’s abusing of power, obstructing justice, and defying Judiciary Committee subpoenas. Before Nixon was impeached he resigned from the presidency on August 9, 1974. After this happened people had less confidence in the nation and Americans became suspicious of the government. This scandal I think had little affect on contact improvisation. They might have started this because they were showing their anger or unt... ... better way for people to express their emotions. First of all, improvisation is dancing what your feeling or thinking at that time so that expresses your emotions, and therefore contact improvisation would be more effective to get your feelings out on war. In conclusion, contact improvisation was a very big development especially for its time period. It is a partnering form and known as an art of moving spontaneously with another person. Steve Paxton began contact improvisation during the early 1970s. The events that were going on in the United States during the 70s had a great impact on contact improvisation. The main historical events during the 70s were the Watergate Scandal, the end of the Cold War, and the Vietnam War. Contact improvisation has been a source of many new understandings in dancing and it has affected a lot of contemporary choreography.

Management and Leadership: Military Essay

Introduction Though popular consensus is that management and leadership are interchangeable terms with the same purpose and meaning nothing could be further from the truth. Management can be defined as influencing one or more person’s actions and activities through planning, organizing, leading, controlling and guiding toward accomplishing set goals or objectives. Leadership can be defined as effectively influencing and directing others in a manner that encourages obedience, confidence and loyal team support in accomplishing organizational goals. From these two definitions one might have a subtle hint as to how management and leadership differ. The purpose of this paper is to differentiate between managerial and leadership positions within military organizations, describe the roles that military managers and leaders play in creating and maintaining a healthy organizational culture, and explain how the four functions of management support the creation and maintenance of a healthy organizational culture within military organizations. The final discussion will include two recommendations to create and maintain a healthy  organizational culture. Leadership and Management Just as the definitions suggest a distinct deference between management and leadership all military organizations have distinctive positions for management and leadership purposes. Military organizations use a designated ranking structure for the purpose of immediate distinction between management and leadership. Leadership personnel hold the title of officer in all branches of military service. Management personnel hold the title of noncommissioned officer (NCO). While officers are immediately recruited and appointed into the leadership position NCO’s have to earn their title and managerial position in the course of progression through the ranks from private to NCO. Though these two positions differ on many levels each is equally important to military organizational culture. â€Å"A leader is anyone who by virtue of assumed role or assigned responsibility inspires and influences people to accomplish organizational goals† (FM 6-22, 2006). Therefore, an officer’s (leaders) main focus is to motivate soldiers both inside and outside of their immediate chain of command to pursue actions, focus thinking, and shape decisions for the greater good of the organization (FM 6-22, 2006). Officers influence military personnel by setting a personal example (leading by example) on and off duty hours. Officer’s actions have a direct correlation to the amount of influence they will have in conveying purpose and vision, providing direction and motivating others. Being able to convey purpose and vision is important for officers’ to give subordinates the reason to take the necessary steps needed to accomplish missions. Open communication is essential in providing clear direction on how subordinates will go about accomplishing the mission. In order to provide clear direction officers are responsible for prioritizing mission tasks, assigning responsibilities and confirming that subordinates understand all directives given. Motivation is the key to encouraging subordinates to do whatever is necessary to accomplish the mission. An officers’ role in motivation is to understand or get to know as much as  possible about the needs, capabilities or limitations of his or her subordinates to determine what motivates who and personally praise or encourage when necessary. The process of getting subordinates to do whatever is necessary to accomplish the mission falls to the NCO (managers). According to Army Regulation 5-1 (2002) â€Å"management is linked with leadership, just as doctrine, systems, processes, facilities and equipment are connected with the people who use them.† Therefore, NCO’s have the authority to make decisions based on the needs of set missions in accordance with organizational policies. The NCO’s main focus is on daily operations, and immediate subordinate’s actions toward accomplishing set tasks in order to fulfill missions. The NCO’s mission is to provide instruction and supervision over subordinates to ensure tasks are being performed effectively, efficiently and in a timely manner. NCO’s implement the four functions of management in every mission presented. Planning is used to determine a working strategy to accomplish each mission assigned to the division. NCO’s will use organizing to determine how to break down missions into smaller tasks that can be performed over time. Once tasks and timelines have been determined human resources (available manpower) is evaluated according to knowledge and experience to determine who will be most effective on which task then tasks are assigned to individuals or teams. Once teams are assigned work commences and leading begins. NCO’s are responsible for overseeing each team’s daily progress, making on the spot corrections, giving additional instruction, motivating and directing each team to ensure that all projects are going according to schedule and all workers are performing effectively and efficiently toward achieving set goals. When issues arise NCO’s are responsible for controlling situations through risk management, bringing subordinates back on track, on the spot training, enforcing organizational rules and regulations and so forth. Types of controls that are used in any given situation will vary depending on an individual’s leadership or management style. Though leadership and management styles vary depending on individual  preference three specific styles stand out with both officers and NCO’s in military organizations: (1) autocratic, (2) participative and (3) delegating. Bateman and Snell (2007) describe each of these strategies as: Autocratic: leaders and or managers make decisions about what needs to be done at their own discretion then tell subordinates what to do and how they want it done. Participative: leaders and or managers will involve one or more subordinates in the decision making process on specific task planning and organizing. Delegating: leaders or managers will delegate authority to capable subordinates allowing them to make decisions for specific tasks while the leader or manager will still take full responsibility for any decision that was made through delegation. Each style is effective in its own right and in specific circumstances. Officers and NCO’s who use all three styles at different times are more effective than those who just stick to one. Organizational Culture Organizational culture is the basic nature or overall actions and conduct of an organization based on shared values and goals. In order to have a fuller understanding of military organizational culture one would need to grasp military organizational structure. Military organizations use a hierarchical divisional organizational structure. Bateman and Snell (2007) describe a divisional organization structure as â€Å"departmentalization that groups units around products, customers, or geographic regions.† Military divisional organizational structure is based around geographic regions. See Chart 1 for a visual break down of basic military organizational structure. DIVISIONAL ORGANIZATION: BASIC MILITARY ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE Chart 1: Divisional Organization: Basic Military Organizational Structure. Notice that the basic structure consists of Officers; NCO’s and subordinates (enlisted soldiers). From the battalion level down to platoons each leader is accompanied by a manager. Information goes down the chain of command while requests go up the chain of command. Military culture is based on strict adherence to the chain of command and company policies i.e. subordinates would have to go through the squad leader and the platoon sergeant to speak to the first sergeant and so forth up the chain. Basic military organizational structure and culture is learned in _basic training_ (boot camp) where new recruits, both officers and enlisted personnel, undergo rigorous physical, mental and emotional training to establish military values and team building experience. Graduates are then separated and sent to _advance individual training_ (AIT) schools to learn specific trade skills. Through shared experiences from basic training new team building experiences develop. Again, graduates are separated and assigned to units based on their field of training. Shared experiences are the foundation for unit cohesiveness among all military personnel. While common experiences may vary they open the path for shared ideas, values, responsibility and perceptions of military uniformity to military organizational culture that guides all military personnel toward achieving common personal and organizational goals throughout their career. Though troops and their families are uprooted and moved from post to post at the needs of the military, sometimes at a moments notice, shared experiences and personal and professional commitment to military values and mission preserve the military organizational culture. Military organizational culture is more than a commitment. Military organizational culture is a way of life for all who dedicate their lives to honor and defend this nation against all enemies, foreign and domestic. Recommendations Military organizational culture is a culture that has stood the test of time decade after decade. Retired war heroes and new recruits all have one thing  in common. Each has a _common bond_ through shared experiences, dedication to military values, mission, ethics, code of conduct and so forth. Young or old, each has dedicated themselves to something bigger than themselves and committed their lives to honor and defend this nation’s freedom at all cost. While military culture has been mocked and scorned by many over the years, much can be learned from such a strong organizational culture. Many failing organizations in today’s challenging business environment would do well to incorporate some of the standards of military organizational culture into their own business. Having _strong core values_ in place is the basis for creating and maintaining a healthy organizational culture. Military organizational culture consists of strong core values such as: â€Å"loyalty, duty, respect, selfless service, honor, integrity and courage† (U.S. Army web site, 2008). While some of these values could be considered strictly military oriented all organizations could agree that loyalty, duty, honor and integrity could be considered universal. More companies could and should integrate these types of core values into their mission and values statements to help create and maintain a more healthy organizational culture. Having a _code of conduct_ in place establishes guidelines for acceptable employee behavior which helps create and maintain a healthy organizational culture. Military organizations have established a strong code of conduct which describes separate and military distinctive areas of specific conduct becoming of service members. While the truth is that the military code of conduct is not applicable to civilian organizations all organizations could agree that specific behaviors do exist that are expected of all people within specialized organizations. Therefore, organizations could and should come up with a written policy explaining specific behaviors and actions that are acceptable and expected of all employees. Organizations may even have separate codes of conduct expectations for managers versus employees. The point here is to have an established and acceptable pattern of behavior for all employees to follow in order help maintain an overall healthy organizational culture. Conclusion From the research presented one can conclude that distinct differences between leaders and managers do exist. Leaders mainly focus on inspiring and motivating individuals toward accomplishing set goals. Managers mainly focus on motivating individuals through planning, organizing, leading and controlling functions of management. Based on these descriptions the main difference between management and leadership would be the method used to motivate individuals to accomplish goals. Though organizational structures may differ from one organization to the next organizational structure does help set the foundation for organizational culture. Organizational culture sets the tone for organizational success through shared experiences, values, beliefs and behaviors. Though many theories exist for creating and maintaining a healthy organizational culture each organization must come up with standards i.e. core values, code of ethics and so on that are unique and attainable to that particular organization based on specific needs i.e. values, mission and purpose. References Army Regulation 5-1. (2002). Management: Total Army Quality Management. Retrieved July 11, 2008, from http://www.hqda.army.mil/leadingchange/Army%20Policies/r5-1.pdf Bateman T., and Snell S., (2007), Management: Leading & Collaborating in a Competitive World (7th Ed.), McGraw-Hill/Irwin, New York, NY. FM 6-22. (2006). Army Leadership: Competent, Confident, and Agile. Retrieved July 10, 2008 http://usacac.army.mil/cac/cal/FM6_22.pdf U.S. Army web site. (2008). U.S. Army: Training and Doctrine Command. Retrieved July 15, 2008, from http://www.tradoc.army.mil/

Consumer and Organisation Markets

Consumer and Organisation Markets Define business markets and explain how the business markets differ from consumer markets. Give relevant examples to support your answer.A business market is one consisting of individuals and organisations purchasing products and services for use in production of further goods and service for sale, lease or rental at a profit. In general a market is:"The set of all actual and potential buyers of a product or service. Buyers often share a particular demand or need which can be satisfied through exchanges or relationships." - Kotler.Consumer markets, on the other hand, consist of individuals and households that purchase services and goods for their own personal use or satisfaction, Consumers vary in age, gender, income, education and taste. For example: I may prefer to buy local milk for myself and my family, but my neighbour may buy Italian milk just for herself.One way of differentiating between these two markets is to ask whether or not the purchase represents the final purchase? Wi ll the product be consumed? Is the product being purchased for personal satisfaction?Business markets tend to have a relatively small number of purchasers.Market Square, EnniscorthyThere may be hundreds or thousands of manufacturers, which is a small amount in relation to the number of consumers. The relatively small number of purchasers to be reached, may therefore enable direct personal sales visits by sales representatives and be a major way of promoting sales.Consumer markets tend to have a relatively large number of purchasers. Millions of consumers may be interested in a particular product or service and consequently marketers will rely heavily on the media (e.g.: television, newspapers, radio) to promote services or products to a large number of people at once.High value purchases are widely evident in business markets. For example, Pizza Hut will order enough cheese...

The Gift of Speaking in Tongues

The Gift of Speaking in Tongues Introduction The gift of speaking in tongues is one of the gifts that the Holy Spirit bestows to Christians. Before Jesus ascended into heaven, He promised His disciples that He would send them the Holy Spirit. Jesus told the disciples that, â€Å"when the Advocate comes, whom I will send to you from the Father, the Spirit of truth who goes out from the Father, he will testify about me† (John 15:26, NIV).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Gift of Speaking in Tongues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this view, Jesus promised the disciples that the Holy Spirit would help them in testifying about Him, and thus encouraged the disciples that the Holy Spirit would empower them. From the verse, it is evident that Jesus sent the Holy Spirit to aid the disciples complete the work, which He had commenced. On the day of Pentecost, Jesus fulfilled His promise when He gave the disciples the gift of speaking i n tongues. Since it happened that the disciples were gathered in one place during the day of Pentecost, â€Å"all of them were filled with the Holy Spirit, and began to speak in other tongues, as the Spirit enabled them† (Acts 2:4). Therefore, this research paper examines the gift of speaking in tongues as presented in the Bible, some Christian assumptions, and how Christians apply in today’s world. The Day of Pentecost The Day of Pentecost clearly portrays an event when the disciples received the Holy Spirit and performed great miracles, which demonstrated the power of the Holy Spirit as promised by Jesus. During the Day of Pentecost, disciples gained the gift of the Holy Spirit, which enabled them to preach to all the people who were in Jerusalem. When the disciples received the gift of speaking in tongues, they spoke in tongues, which are real human languages.1 As the disciples were preaching on the day of Pentecost, the congregation listened to them and wondered wh y the disciples were speaking in their own languages. The people in the congregation wondered, they questioned why the Galileans were speaking in their own native languages (Acts 2:7-8). While some made fun about their speaking, Peter, the disciple, stood up and informed them that the disciples were not drunk, but they were filled with the Holy Ghost who gives them power to speak in other tongues so that they could spread the word of God beyond Israel. Since the event of the Pentecost empowered the disciples to preach the Gospel across all languages, the disciples implored the congregation to repent and receive baptism so that God could forgive them their sins and heal them. Owing to the gift of speaking in tongues, the disciples managed to reach out to many people.Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The disciples also persuaded people repent and undergo bapti sm, so that they could save themselves from corrupted generation. â€Å"Those who accepted his message were baptized, and about three thousand were added to their number that day† (Acts 2:41). From the Day of Pentecost, the disciples were able to perform great miracles, which shocked Jerusalem. Rulers and leaders of Jerusalem summoned John and Peter before the Sanhedrin and commanded them not to teach, speak, or perform miracles in the name of Jesus. The gift of speaking in tongues empowered the disciples to perform great miracles and wonders, which were similar to that of Jesus. In this view, the event of the Pentecost gives a clear understanding of what it means to gain the gift of the Holy Spirit. Luke and the Gift of Speaking in Tongues Luke presents the event of the Pentecost as a promise that Jesus made before ascending into heaven. Before he ascended into heaven, Jesus met His disciples and assured them that He was going to His Father, and thus they should remain in Je rusalem to receive the Holy Spirit (Luke 24:49). Hence, the disciples remained in Jerusalem until the Day of Pentecost, when they received the gift of speaking in tongues. However, as disciples further questioned Jesus about the restoration of Israel, Jesus told them to wait for the Holy Spirit who was to baptize them. In the book of Acts, Luke presents the gift of speaking in tongues as a baptism, which enabled the disciples to spread the word of God across the world. Essentially, the gift of speaking in tongues signifies baptism of the Holy Spirit.2 Jesus answered His disciples that, â€Å"but you will receive power when the Holy Spirit comes on you; and you will be my witnesses in Jerusalem, and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the ends of the earth† (Acts 1: 8). From the perspective of Luke, the Holy Spirit bestowed immense powers to the disciples so that they could spread the Gospel to the four corners of the earth. Luke also presents the gift of speaking in tongues as a prophetic power that enabled the disciples to discern signs of the times. Speaking in tongues is a form of prophetic speech, which fulfilled the prophecy of Joel in the Old Testament. Given that it is a prophetic speech, Christians should use it in the edification of the church as it prepares for the coming of Jesus, rather than using it for self-glorification. 3 During the Day of Pentecost, Peter told the congregation that the disciples were not drunk with new wine, but were filled with the Holy Spirit. Peter further informed the congregation that God had planned that in the last days, people would prophecy after the Holy Spirit empowers them (Acts 2:17).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Gift of Speaking in Tongues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this view, the Day of Pentecost heralds the end times where people would receive the power of prophecy. Thus, in the book of Acts, Luke is trying to prese nt the gift of speaking in tongues as a prophetic power that enables disciples to understand times of the end. Assumptions of the Gift of Speaking in Tongues Although the gift of speaking in tongues is evident in the Bible, there many assumptions that Christians have derived, and thus err in the interpretation of the Bible. In the book of Acts, the congregation confused the speaking in tongues because they thought the disciples were drunk with new wine. Modern Christians have also made numerous assumptions, which have complicated their understanding of speaking in tongues, as a gift of the Holy Spirit. One of the common assumptions is that speaking in tongues only happened during the Day of Pentecost. Such assumption implies that modern Christians would not experience any gift of speaking in tongues because the Pentecost was only meant for the disciples of Jesus. Modern Christians are unable to explain why the disciples existed during the ancient times, but not in the modern society .4 The assumption hinders Christians from experiencing the gift of speaking in tongues in today’s world. Pentecostal churches believe that speaking in tongues is not a human language, but rather unintelligible utterances. Charismatic churches believe that speaking in tongues is a coded language, which requires the interpreter who has supernatural powers to decode.5 Basing on the event of the Pentecost, it is apparent that the congregation heard the disciples speaking in their own languages. If the congregation could hear what the disciples were preaching, it means that they were speaking real human languages, which do not qualify to be unintelligible utterances. The gift of speaking in tongues enables one to speak using intelligible speech like the way the disciples did when they reached out to people from various tribes who were in Jerusalem during the Day of Pentecost.6Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since they are human languages, Paul, the disciple, wants Christians to interpret the tongues so that they can edify the church (1 Corinthians 14-13). Hence, speaking in tongues is only important if there are people who can interpret the tongues for the congregation to understand what the Holy Spirit says. Christians also associate speaking in tongues with evil because Paul asserts that the speaking in tongues is an indicator of unbelievers. Although Paul could speak in tongues, he admonished other Christians to speak in languages that people could understand for the benefit of the church. In the book of the first Corinthians, Paul depicts speaking in tongues as unnecessary, if it does not edify the church. Paul argues that it is better for one to speak a few intelligible words that edify the church than to speak thousands of words that edify no one. â€Å"Tongues, then, are a sign, not for believers, but for unbelievers; prophecy, however, is not for unbelievers, but for believers † (1 Corinthians 14: 22). Contemporary Christians assign meaning to the speaking in tongues based on community interpretation rather than grammatical hermeneutics.7 Hence, the basis of interpreting the Bible has made Christians to perceive the gift of speaking in tongues as unnecessary. Modern Christians further assume that the gift of speaking in tongues signifies the holiness among individuals. However, they do not have the means of determining if the gift of speaking in tongues is genuine or fake. Pentecostal churches strongly believe that speaking in tongues is central to their dogma because it indicates spiritual growth and development.8 While Paul regards speaking in tongues negatively as an indicator of unbelievers, Pentecostal churches regard speaking in tongues positively as an indicator of spiritual growth. Paul compares the gift of speaking in tongues with prophecy, and admonishes Christians to choose prophecy because it edifies many people. Hence, owing to the subt lety of speaking in tongues, unbelievers abuse it and mislead Christians that they can perform miracles through it. To prevent the abuse of the gift of speaking in tongues, Paul did set rules that two or three people should exercise the gift, and that the speaker must not speak unless there is an interpreter.9 The teachings of Paul, therefore, split Christians into two: those who believe in the gift of speaking in tongues as a human language and those who believe in the gift of speaking in tongues as unintelligible utterances. Application to the Lives of Christians in Today’s World Speaking in tongues has an important application in today’s church because it signifies the presence of the Holy Spirit amongst believers. In the book of Acts, Jesus informed His disciples to remain in Jerusalem until when they would receive the Holy Spirit as a form of baptism (Acts 1: 8). In this view, Luke indicates that the purpose of the Holy Spirit was to empower the disciples so that they could witness to the word of God and Jesus across the world for the people to understand the Kingdom of God. On the Day of Pentecost, Peter also told the congregation that the disciples had received the power of the Holy Spirit so that they could witness about Jesus. Since on the Day of Pentecost the disciples were able to baptize approximately 3000 people, it indicated that the gift of speaking in tongues empowered teachings of the Gospel. Although speaking in tongues empowers Christians, Paul cautions them to avoid abusing it, and thus advises Christians to use interpreters and seek other gifts of the Holy Spirit that edify the church.10 Both Luke and Paul agree that speaking in tongues entails the use of various human languages, and thus require interpreters to benefit the church. Thus, today’s Christians need to utilize the gift of speaking in tongues as an instrument of preaching the Gospel to all people across the earth. Moreover, speaking in tongues is important t o modern Christians because it signifies the presence of the Holy Spirit and end times. When the congregation wondered why the disciples were speaking in their own languages during the Day of Pentecost, Peter informed them that they were fulfilling what the prophet Joel had predicted. Peter further said that in the end times, God promised to pour His Spirit to the Christians so that they could prophecy and save many people from the corrupt world (Acts 2: 19). This shows that speaking in tongues is a sign that aids Christians to understand the times and prepare well for the coming of Jesus. In the end times, Christians will acquire the gift of prophecy, which makes them to receive â€Å"intelligible and authoritative revelations or messages† that compel them to deliver to the people.11 For the Christian prophets to interpret prophetic messages and deliver them appropriately, they require the gift of speaking in tongues. Thus, the gift of speaking in tongues and the gift of pro phecy are inseparable gifts of the Holy Spirit that the church will receive during the end times as presented by Paul and Luke. Conclusion The gift of speaking in tongues is among the gifts that the Holy Spirit gives to the Christian. In the Bible, the Day of Pentecost is an event that demonstrated how the gift of speaking in tongues made disciples to speak in different languages, preach the Gospel, convert people to Christianity, and gain prophetic powers. Luke, Paul, and Peter present the gift of speaking in tongues as the power of the Holy Spirit, which enables Christians to spread the Gospel and prophecy about the end times. Essentially, Christians should use the gift of speaking in tongues in edifying the church rather than self. However, due to varied interpretation of the gift of speaking in tongues, many Christian religions have assumed that speaking in tongues is an ancient power that the disciples only received, entails unintelligible utterances, unnecessary gift because i t is a sign of unbelievers, and a sign of spiritual growth that everyone must attain. Despite such assumptions, the gift of speaking in tongues has great significance to the modern Christians. Thus, modern Christians should apply the gift of speaking in tongues in enhancing the spread of the Gospel and prophecy, which God wants to reveal to the whole world. Bibliography Bellshaw, William G. â€Å"The Confusion of Tongues.† Bibliotheca Sacra 120, no. 478 (1963): 146-53. Bozung, Douglas. â€Å"The Pentecostal Doctrine of Initial Evidence: A Study in Hermeneutical Method.† The Journal of Ministry Theology 1, no. 1 (2004): 89-107. Busenitz, Nathan. â€Å"The Gift Of Tongues: Comparing the Church Fathers with Contemporary.† Masters Seminary Journal 17, no. 1 (2006): 62-78. Clearwaters, Richard. â€Å"The Gift of Tongues and Prophecy.† Central Bible Quarterly 15, no. 2 (1972): 35-39. Hodges, Zane C. â€Å"A Symposium on the Tongues Movement Part I: The Purpos e of Tongues.† Bibliotheca Sacra 120, no. 479 (1963): 227-233. McDougall, Donald G. â€Å"Cessationism in 1 Cor 13:8-12.† Masters Seminary Journal 14, no.2 (2003): 178-213. Poythress, Vern. â€Å"Linguistic and Sociological Analyses of Modern Tongues-speaking: Their Contributions and Limitations.† Westminster Theological Journal 42, no. 2 (1980): 367-388. Swanson, Dennis. â€Å"Bibliography of Works on Cessationism.† Masters Seminary Journal  14, no. 2 (2003): 312–27. Thomas, Robert. â€Å"The Hermeneutics of Noncessationism.† Masters Seminary Journal  14, no. 2 (2003): 287-310. Van-Elderen, Bastian. â€Å"Glossolalia in the New Testament.† Journal of the Evangelical  Theological Society 7, no.2 (1964): 54-58. Footnotes 1 Richard Clearwaters, â€Å"The Gift of Tongues and Prophecy,† Central Bible Quarterly 15, no. 2 (1972): 38 2 Clearwaters, â€Å"The Gift of Tongues and Prophecy,† 35. 3  Nathan Busenitz, â€Å"T he Gift Of Tongues: Comparing the Church Fathers with Contemporary,† Masters Seminary Journal 17, no. 1 (2006): 66. 4 Zane Hodges, â€Å"A Symposium on the Tongues Movement Part I: The Purpose of Tongues,† Bibliotheca Sacra 120, no. 479 (1963): 232. 5 Vern Poythress, â€Å"Linguistic and Sociological Analyses of Modern Tongues speaking: Their Contributions and Limitations,† Westminster Theological Journal 42, no. 2 (1980): 375. 6 Douglas Bozung, â€Å"The Pentecostal Doctrine of Initial Evidence: A Study in Hermeneutical Method,† The Journal of Ministry Theology 1, no. 1 (2004): 96. 7 Robert Thomas, â€Å"The Hermeneutics of Noncessationism,† Masters Seminary Journal 14, no. 2 (2003): 287. 8 Dennis Swanson, â€Å"Bibliography of Works on Cessationism,† Masters Seminary Journal 14, no. 2 (2003): 315. 9 William Bellshaw, â€Å"The Confusion of Tongues,† Bibliotheca Sacra 120:478 (1963): 152. 10 Bastian Van-Elderen, â€Å"Glossolalia in the New Testament,† Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 7, no.2 (1964): 54. 11 Donald McDougall, â€Å"Cessationism in 1 Cor 13:8-12,† Masters Seminary Journal 14, no.2 (2003): 188.